The Scientific Quarterly

EVOLUTIONARY DEAD ENDS

By George Motisher

Man has been studying the fossil records for quite some time now—and we are not referring here to the investigation of old maid Sunday school teachers, Bob Dole, or others long presumed dead—and has discovered that there are many species of plants and animals which have become extinct. While many of these have simply evolved to more viable forms, there are others which seem to have run into a brick wall—or in more scientific terms, an up-thrust of metamorphosed iron-rich silt interlaced with veins of limestone. Although there is only inconclusive evidence as to the purpose, if any, of certain species, and why they disappeared into cul-de-sacs off the evolutionary highway, there are a few strange fauna (perhaps in future we shall look at some extinct flora) of which some understanding is beginning to emerge. An attempt here will be made to cite some of these peculiar species and to explain their possible origins and the evolutionary biologists’ conjectures as to why they were unsuccessful.

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The Hybrid Eel

We have all heard of the electric eel, but recently a fossil was obtained from the mid-Atlantic shelf which indicates that this was not the only eel which could generate its own power. When bones were brought up from the depths, it was discovered that this creature, though sharing all the usual eel characteristics, also had a strange hollow bony structure in its back, with what appeared to be an opening in which it could fill with liquid.

Scientists were at first stumped until Dr. Ivan Offelkov of Stump University realized that this eel was in a region of the ocean far from where eels were normally found. “An eel would need a different source of energy to swim so far away from home,” noted the Professor. Others took up the matter, realizing that the bony structure could indeed have been a fuel tank of sorts. Other structures seemed to indicate further facets of a non-standard locomotion: tendons connecting in odd places, and a baffling system of calcified ganglions.

Dr. Offelkov theorizes that this poor animal died off due to shorts in its complicated circuitry. Some of his colleagues disagree, however. Professor C.D. Hicks from the Backwater Fish School of Ozark College, thinks that the structures for holding its electrical charges wore out too soon, and that the hybrid eel wasn’t popular enough to warrant its continuance as a viable species. Dr. Heinz Varietese of the Pittsburgh Oceanographic Society points out that in this eel’s epoch (early Mesozoic) that fossils were scarce, and fuels made from them likely in short supply.

Equus Gigantis

The Equus Gigantis, or giant horse, was for many years considered only to be a stylized cave painting of some other animal, such as a hippopotamus, until the late 1950’s when the bones of several were actually discovered. This horse differed from the modern horse in ways other than just size. Like the cave drawings, it appeared to have a rather aggressive stance, its forepaws being somewhat shorter than its hindquarters. This gave it the look of having been artificially lowered. In addition, it had very large feet in the back, presumably giving it greater acceleration for escaping its enemies. These were quite obviously very powerful animals, generating far more than the standard one horsepower of the modern horse, and with that power probably came speed, even though that speed would have been useless on the winding paths around the tightly-knit cave communities where these fossils have been found.

Early cave renderings usually depict a male riding one as numerous large-breasted females gaze on him in admiration. It also appears that Equus Gigantis was oft times decorated with what in modern times might be called “bling:” flaming torches in the back, large funnels directing air to the nose so that the animal might breathe better, and flashy gold pinwheels decorating its knees. Many times , according to the pictures, a huge bass drum was also strapped to the horse, which must have produced earth-shaking thuds.

Some scientists at first believed that all this extra weight was the cause of this animal’s extinction, but analysis of the skeletal structure shows that this creature could easily accelerate to high speeds even with the extra loads. It is therefore now thought that Equus Gigantis perished because it ate too much, drank too much, and left too much waste material polluting the settlements of early man. Its cave dwelling masters simply ran out of resources to feed its huge appetite, and were forced to find other means of proclaiming their manhood and attracting females.

The GPS Pigeon

This bird was first discovered in the early twentieth century, and was at first thought to be a mere homing pigeon with a broken beak. No real investigation was made into its inner structures.

After some seventy five years, however, biologist Hooper T. Hoppet did a more extensive examination, discovering, among other things, that not only did all the extant examples of this pigeon have broken beaks, but that they also had a structure within the cranium resembling a voice box, and a long bone of high metallic content extending from it. Hoppet subjected these structures to various electronic tests, determining, in fact, that the copper-rich bone would function for picking up radio waves, and the “voice box” could, when stimulated to different shapes electronically, produce sounds. He immediately realized that this was a far more sophisticated homing device than that of the standard Homing Pigeon. Apparently this bird was capable of receiving directions for getting home via satellite signals. The broken beaks indicated to Hoppet that, unfortunately, these birds were so intent on listening for directions that they failed to notice other obstacles in front of them. With so much other air traffic, as well as trees, mountains, and tall dinosaurs, these birds soon collided with extinction. Pigeons evolved to newer, simpler forms which could actually just remember where home happened to be.

The Soccer Kangaroo

Recently, the discovery was made in Australia of a rather peculiar extinct kangaroo. It was very large, and had extra pouches. While one might think that these were to hold extra offspring, all but one contained what resembled crude cups. Apparently this kangaroo, like all other ’roos, did carry it’s young about, but needed extra space just in case, and apparently, while carrying its sole “joey” from activity to activity, liked to feel secure (hence, the extra size) and also felt the need for vast quantities of coffee, the residue of which was discovered in the cups. One theory has it that coffee is not good for a kangaroo. Though there has been no definitive research done here, it seems a plausible explanation for this creature’s demise. Dr. Oz Wallaby, though, feels that perhaps in hopping from place to place taking the child to learn various kangaroo kicking games, the coffee simply splashed on the youngster, and all potential descendants were scalded to death.

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George Motisher is a collection of rather unimportant elements and protein molecules that are in the habit of complaining about their insignificant exsistence.

They also worry about money a lot.

UNTITLED

By William Connolly

all the walls are shaking softly
& the sharp shining cuts
the roof’s relief across cracked brickwork
to show what went unseen
before the light of evening
pulls her black shawl over the city night
as streetlights flicker
& buzz to life, falling west
across the breadth of habitation,
right to left.

the sunlight shakes the seasons
& from fall winter springs
So summer might shed
raw, bright, Light on the heart of truth
its Whole & its seed & its root
& its leaves.

The trouble is, truth
neither sees nor believes,
So how does it get off
Being?

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William Connolly eats, sleeps, writes and studies (art, religion, other people) in Boston, Massachusetts. He lives in a swamp, wet boots, pretty birds, odd bugs everywhere, with mold like you wouldn't believe.

WHAT COLOUR IS A UNICORN?

By Michael L. Ferro

What color is a unicorn?

Well, let’s think about this for a second. There are paintings of unicorns. And there are movies about them. Also unicorns have shown up on tapestries, in novels, poems, songs, video games, tattoos, little sculptures made of plastic that children play with, etc. In fact there are many, many depictions and descriptions of unicorns out there, but are these real unicorns?

No, not at all.

So, with this realization I should like to amend my question to read:

What color is a REAL unicorn?

This is more difficult to answer isn’t it? To answer the original question you were probably thinking to yourself, unicorns are white, or silver, or perhaps even golden. Not many of you thought of a black unicorn or a green one. Although I’m sure someone out there said plaid just to be a smart ass. Indeed, if we could use descriptions of unicorns as evidence, then we could have hardy discussions citing this text or that cartoon. But alas, I wish to know about REAL unicorns and just as some depictions of, say, bears resemble the genuine article, others are a bit more fanciful. So we are best to confine ourselves to the real deal and consider only REAL unicorns when trying to discover their color.

But now that we have restricted our question to REAL unicorns, everything changes and this brings up other questions:

1) What makes a unicorn a unicorn?

2) Are there any REAL unicorns?

3) Depending on the answers to the above questions, can we say anything meaningful about REAL unicorns, or can we only speak about the descriptions of unicorns that came from people’s imaginations?

1) What makes a unicorn a unicorn?

I don’t know. Most descriptions of unicorns look an awful lot like a regular old horse with a pointy (usually spiraling) bone sticking out of the center of its forehead. It’s that bone, a single horn that is supposed to make the unicorn special. But I don’t know if it’s a true horn (like a cow or goat has that never falls off), an antler (like a deer or moose has that falls off and is replaced every year), or some sort of pseudo-horn (different from the other two, like pronghorn or giraffes have). Perhaps it’s not made of bone at all but is a hair-like growth, similar to a rhino’s horn. Is a rhinoceros a unicorn? There are two species that possess a single horn, and indeed some early explorers proclaimed to have found REAL unicorns when they first encountered rhinoceroses. And what of narwhals? Here is a beast with a single horn growing from its “forehead”. The horn even spirals, although it’s actually made of modified teeth. There are numerous insects with single “horns” upon their foreheads. Can an insect be a unicorn?

Let’s take it easy on ourselves and say that a unicorn is a furry beast with the general body shape of a horse (this includes goats, gazelles, deer, etc.) with a hard pointy projection sticking out of its forehead, and move on.

2) Are there any REAL unicorns?

In true scientist fashion I have to say, “I don’t know”. Why? Well the short answer is, you can’t prove a negative (i.e. There are no unicorns). There was a philosopher of science named Karl Popper that helped us with that. The long answer is; we can come up with tons of scenarios where unicorns do exist. Let your imagination run wild:

1. The loose definition of unicorn could include insects, etc.
2. There could be an entire planet of unicorns (presumably with grass, waterfalls, and rainbows)
3. Perhaps unicorns are in some valley in the Himalayas we haven’t checked yet.
4. Maybe unicorns went extinct 1000 years ago and we haven’t found any fossils yet
5. Maybe unicorns do exist, but their horns are actually antlers that grow in 5 seconds and fall off 5 seconds later and decompose 5 seconds after that. And this happens only in the light of a full moon that has been filtered through the leaves of a 100 year old oak tree. The rest of the time they just look like regular horses.

So, yes, there could be REAL unicorns (and leprechauns, and trolls, and fairies, etc.).

3) Can we say anything meaningful about REAL unicorns, or can we only speak about the descriptions of unicorns that came from people’s imaginations?

No, we can’t say anything meaningful about REAL unicorns. Why not? Because we lack that all important thing, that one thing that separates natural from supernatural, real from imaginary, existence from nonexistence: Evidence.

There is no evidence that unicorns exist. Not a body, not a photograph (that didn’t turn out to be fake), not a hair. We have absolutely no evidence of the existence of unicorns. They are indistinguishable from any imaginary item.

No one knows anything about REAL unicorns (I know, can’t prove a negative, but I’m trying to make a point here…). But we can say this another way: Everyone knows all there is to know about REAL unicorns (which is nothing), AND everyone knows exactly as much as everyone else knows about REAL unicorns (again, nothing).

This isn’t to say there aren’t people that can expound for hours on the subject of unicorns in literature or epic poems. I’m not discounting any arguments a scholar may have over the pure whiteness of any given unicorn on any given tapestry or postcard. I’m talking about REAL unicorns, and on the subject of REAL unicorns until some REAL evidence comes our way we are all experts and know all there is to know about REAL unicorns: Nothing.

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Michael L. Ferro is currently pursuing a Ph.D. at Louisiana State University where he is studying faunal succession of saproxylic Coleoptera in coarse woody debris. He has a broad interest in scientific and social issues and has been a teaching assistant for the freshman level class Science and Society for 8 semesters.

DOES THE NAME DR. KRISANA KRAISINTU RING A BELL?

By David Ng

A review of Cocktail: A Play about the Life and HIV Drug Development Work of Dr. Krisana Kraisintu by Vince LiCata and Ping Chong

cocktail.jpg

Truth be told, I don’t read plays very often, if at all. In fact, I’m ashamed to admit that I think the last one I read was back in high school long ago, and if I remember correctly had something to do with vampires – ironic in that vampires at the time were not so popular. But this play was about something I am interested in – medicine and social responsibility – and it was referred to by a friend, who also happened to be one of the authors.

Coincidentally, I read it on my way to Lagos, Nigeria, a place where access to medicine has its own battles. I was going to help facilitate a scientific training workshop, a workshop that would hopefully provide some knowledge to young biologists, many of which were hungry for ideas in their hunt for answers to malaria, HIV, tuberculosis, etc. On that flight, the similarity of scope of what I was reading and what I was heading off to was not lost on me.

In fact, it was much needed. It’s never easy to leave home, your family, for an extended period of time. More so, when you’re traveling to a place where the culture shock is expressed in the lack of the first world luxuries you’re used to. I needed to read the play – because in many ways, it reminded me of why I was going in the first place – that there was value in doing my small part.

To say that Dr. Krisana Kraisintu did a small part would be close to slander. Her actions have saved tens of thousands of lives, likely much more. She was responsible for directly going against governments, against pharmaceutical companies, against international laws even, to formulate and produced GPO-VIR. This is a generic fixed-dose combination of stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine for treatment of advanced HIV infection, but more importantly represents the first generic HIV cocktail. To say that this took guts would be a great understatement.

Dr. Krisana: The fact that people are dying today from a treatable disease is not a hypothetical situation. Children are -

Brighton Miles Pharmaceuticals Executive 1 (BMP1): Ah, the children.

BMP3: The children!

BMP2: The children.

BMP6: The children.

BMP4: Always the children. (to BMP2) Breath mint?

BMP2: No thanks. You can’t fight the dying children.

BMP1: There’s no way.

BMP5: It just shuts off all useful discourse.

BMP2: It’s grandstanding, plain and simple. How do you trump a dying child?

BMP1: You can’t.

BMP3: You can’t.

BMP6: You can’t.

BMP4: It just shuts down the conversation every time.

BMP2: Why, if I had a nickel for every dying child…

BMP1: You’d be rich my friend, you’d be rich.

You learn this when you read the play, and in doing so you learn a little more about the biology of HIV, about the politics and economics of health. And in a way that a news report or textbook can’t emulate, you learn about the devastation of what a disease like HIV can do.

You also learn a little about Dr. Kraisintu, about what compels her to do what she does. In doing so, you are given a rare glimpse into the mindset of an individual who chooses to make many sacrifices for what they believe is right. This reminded me of another outstanding book, referred to me by no less than Stephen Lewis – Mountains Beyond Mountains: here, you lived within the head of Paul Farmer, another individual whose world is enveloped in activism. The parallels are striking and it makes me think that Dr. Kraisintu deserves to be up there with the likes of the Paul Farmers and Stephen Lewis’ of the world. It clear that they tick in the same manner, and it is both admirable and eye opening.

These are the perspectives you get when you read this play, and for that reason, I highly recommend you doing that. I haven’t actually seen the play performed. Not yet anyway. But wouldn’t that be something?

(To puchase from Amazon, please visit here)

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David is Director of the Advanced Molecular Biology Laboratory, the educational arm of the Michael Smith Labs. He's also the dude that edits the SCQ

IMAGINED TALKS WE’D BE CURIOUS TO SEE (A VIDEO)

By Terry 

For more information about TEDxTerrytalks 2009, please click here.

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What is Terry? Terry is a website that aims to collect prevalent (as in academic, educational, or critical) as well as esoteric (as in creative, humourous, or surreal) pieces that look at pertinent global issues. Plus, it has a kick ass speaker series.